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GEN.    GATES   P.   THRUSTON. 


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VANDERBILT 
UNIVERSITY  QUARTERLY 

A  Record  of  University  Life  and  Work 


OCTOBER-DECEMBER.  1910  No,  4 


GENERAL  GATES  P.  THRUSTON. 

General  Gates  P.  Thruston,  the  donor  of  the  Thruston  collec- 
tion described  elsewhere  in  this  issue  of  the  QUARTERLY,  was       - 
born  in  Dayton,  Ohio,  in  1835.     He  is  descended  on  his  father's      Jls—*^ 
side   from   English  ancestors,  who  settled  in  Virginia  in   1666, 
and  may  be  said  to  have  inherited  both  his  military  and  legal 
bent,  since  one  ancestor,  Colonel  Charles  Minn  Thruston,  was  a 
/8    noted  Revolutionary  officer  of  Virginia,  and  later  another,  Judge 
"*     Buckner  Thruston,  was  a  United  States  Senator  from  Kentucky, 
*r     and  afterwards  United  States  Judge  of  the  District  of  Columbia 
ig      for  thirty-six  years. 

General   Thruston  was  valedictorian  of  the  class  of   1855   at 

Miami  University,  and  has  since  been  honored  by  Miami  with 

the  degree  of  L.H.D.  because  of  his  archaeological  research  and 

S*     literary  work.     He  took  his  degree  in  law  at  the  Cincinnati  Law 

%     School. 

At  the  outbreak  of  the  Civil  War  he  was  commissioned  captain 

in  the  First  Ohio  Infantry,  and  was  with  his  regiment  at  Shiloh 

o     and  elsewhere.    At  Stone's  River  he  was  promoted  for  gallantry, 

£     and  soon  after  appointed  major  in  the  adjutant  general's  office. 

2  At  Chickamauga  he  was  brevetted  brigadier  general  for  his  gal- 
j»J     lantry  and  services  and  appointed  judge  advocate  of  the  Army  of 

3  the  Cumberland  on  General  Thomas's  staff.    He  was  on  duty  with 
<     General   Thomas   in  the  battles  around  Atlanta,  and  served  as 

judge  advocate  until  the  close  of  the  war. 


461453 


246  Vanderbilt  University  Quarterly. 

At  the  close  of  1865  he  married  Miss  Ida  Hamilton,  daughter 
of  Mr.  James  Hamilton,  of  Nashville,  and  decided  to  remain  here 
and  enter  upon  the  practice  of  law  in  Tennessee.  As  an  ex-Fed- 
eral officer  and  an  adopted  citizen  of  Tennessee  he  became  of 
much  service  in  fighting  and  mitigating  the  evils  of  Reconstruc- 
tion in  this  State. 

He  soon  built  up  a  large  and  lucrative  legal  practice  in  Nash- 
ville ;  but  in  1878,  owing  to  an  accident  that  somewhat  impaired 
his  health,  he  retired  from  his  profession  and  spent  two  years 
traveling  in  Europe  and  elsewhere  with  his  wife.  On  his  return 
to  Tennessee  he  accepted  the  presidency  of  the  State  Insurance 
Company  and  has  become  director  in  numerous  business  enter- 
prises, so  that  his  attention  is  now  largely  given  to  his  property 
and  financial  interests. 

In  1894  he  was  united  in  marriage  to  Miss  Fannie  Dorman, 
daughter  of  Mr.  R.  Dorman,  of  Nashville. 

General  Thruston  is  a  Fellow  of  the  American  Association  for 
the  Advancement  of  Science ;  honorary  member  of  the  Missouri 
Historical  Society;  for  years  Vice  President  of  the  Tennessee 
Historical  Society;  corresponding  member  of  the  New  York  and 
Philadelphia  Archaeological  and  Numismatic  Societies ;  trustee 
of  the  University  of  Nashville,  of  the  Carnegie  Library,  and  of 
the  Ladies'  Hermitage  Association ;  and  Chairman  of  the  Watkins 
Institute  Commission.  He  is  also  President  of  the  Society  of  the 
Army  of  the  Cumberland. 

Thus  deeply  engrossed  in  his  many  business  cares,  and  giving 
so  largely  of  his  time  to  the  service  of  the  public  through  his 
membership  on  numerous  boards  of  a  civic  nature,  such  as  the 
Watkins  Institute  and  the  Carnegie  Library,  he  has  felt  the  need 
of  mental  and  physical  relaxation  and  diversion,  and  has  found 
it  not  in  cessation  but  in  entire  change  of  activity,  and  for  years 
has  devoted  his  leisure  hours  to  the  study  of  archaeology  and  min- 
eralogy, and  with  what  success  the  splendid  collections  in  these 
subjects  given  by  him  in  1908  to  Vanderbilt  University  amply 
show. 

His  interest  in  these  subjects  really  dates  from  early  boyhood. 
The  State  geologist  of  Ohio  was  an  intimate  family  friend. 
He  was  a  lover  not  only  of  his  geological  work,  but  of  science 


General  Gates  P.  Thruston.  247 

in  general,  and  often  took  young  Thruston  on  his  geological  walks 
to  carry  the  hammer  and  basket.  The  fields  about  Dayton  were 
rich  collecting  grounds.  The  glacial  boulders  and  gravels  of  the 
Miami  Valley  furnished  many  specimens  that  had  been  brought 
there  from  far  to  the  north,  while  the  blue  Silurian  hillsides  yield- 
ed many  well-preserved  fossils.  The  Miami  Valley  was  also 
studded  with  ancient  Indian  mounds  and  earthworks  and  rich  in 
archaeological  remains.  The  most  interesting  cone-shaped  mound 
in  the  State  of  Ohio  was  near  Dayton. 

It  was  in  these  scientific  excursions  in  boyhood  that  the  strong 
taste  for  archaeology,  mineralogy,  and  paleontology  was  developed, 
which  later  in  life  was  to  furnish  General  Thruston  diversion  and 
enjoyment.  The  boy  was  evidently  father  to  the  man. 

When  General  Thruston  came  to  Nashville  at  the  close  of  the 
Civil  War  he  brought  with  him  a  small  but  interesting  collec- 
tion, which  became  the  nucleus  of  the  collection  recently  pre- 
sented to  the  university.  Additions  were  made  to  this  collection 
as  time  and  opportunity  permitted,  as,  notably,  for  instance, 
when  on  a  European  trip  he  obtained  special  permission  as  an 
ex-officer  of  the  United  States  army  to  excavate  for  himself 
among  the  ruins  of  Pompeii  and  retain  his  finds.  As  a  result 
of  this  concession,  now  no  longer  to  be  gained  by  any  one,  the 
Thruston  collection  contains  a  number  of  most  interesting  relics 
of  this  ancient  Roman  city.  On  these  European  and  other  trips 
he  made  a  habit  of  frequenting  the  shops  of  lapidaries  and  deal- 
ers, and  constantly  added  choice  specimens  of  gems,  minerals, 
and  crystals  to  his  collection. 

Some  years  later,  when  a  large  aboriginal  cemetery  was  dis- 
covered just  south  of  Nashville  and  several  individuals  and  in- 
stitutions became  interested  in  exploring  it,  General  Thruston 
became  a  most  active  and  enthusiastic  participant,  and  persisted 
in  his  explorations  here  and  elsewhere  until  he  had  amassed  an 
unrivaled  collection.  He  also  undertook  to  prepare  for  the  Ten- 
nessee Historical  Society  a  pamphlet  describing  some  of  the 
fine  types  of  pottery  and  other  objects  from  the  stone  box  graves. 
He  tells  us  in  the  preface  to  his  book  on  "The  Antiquities  of 
Tennessee  and  the  Adjacent  States"  how  it  soon  became  appar- 
ent that  it  would  be  impossible  to  do  the  subject  justice  in  the 


248  Vanderbilt  University  Quarterly. 

modest  way  at  first  contemplated,  and  how  the  "pamphlet"  grad- 
ually grew  into  the  handsome  volume  of  some  380  pages,  with  its 
many  plates  and  cuts  describing  and  illustrating  the  rich  finds 
made  in  the  field.  Some  idea  of  the  time  and  means  given  by 
him  to  this  field  work  may  be  gained  from  the  fact  that  he  had 
some  4,000  or  more  graves  carefully  excavated. 

His  entire  collection,  in  spite  of  the  intimate  personal  associ- 
ation so  many  of  the  specimens  necessarily  had  for  him,  General 
Thruston  has  given  to  Vanderbilt  University  and  dedicated  them 
to  the  service  of  science. 

In  years  agone  it  was  quite  customary  in  the  United  States  for 
business  and  professional  men  of  scholarly  inclination  to  interest 
themselves  in  some  study  or  pursuit  outside  of  their  immediate 
vocation,  and  they  often  made  their  highest  mark  in  connection 
with  this  diverting  subject.  Such  custom  is  still  maintained  in 
England;  but  in  America,  unfortunately,  it  has  become  exceed- 
ingly rare.  Here  commercialism  has  so  absorbed  our  energies 
that  we  have  time  left  for  but  little  else.  It  is  especially  gratify- 
ing to  see  in  General  Thruston  a  surviving  embodiment  of  this 
fine  old  custom,  and  it  is  commended  to  others  as  worthy  of  emu- 
lation in  the  pleasure  alone  which  it  affords  its  pursuer,  and 
doubly  worthy  if  it  results,  as  in  the  present  case,  in  giving  to 
the  public,  and  especially  to  the  cause  of  science,  such  a  collec- 
tion as  the  one  here  gathered  together.  L.  C.  GLENN. 


THE  THRUSTON  COLLECTION. 

In  a  former  volume  of  the  QUARTERLY  brief  mention  was 
made  of  the  presentation  to  the  University  by  General  G.  P.  Thrus- 
ton of  his  widely-known  collection  of  Indian  antiquities,  gems, 
and  minerals.  This  collection  is  especially  noteworthy,  as  it  is 
the  largest  and  best  collection  known  to  be  in  existence  of  the 
pottery  and  other  implements  of  the  ancient  aborigines  of  Ten- 
nessee— that  curious  people  who  buried  their  dead  in  the  quaint 
stone-box  graves  or  cysts,  and  who  doubtless  also  built  the  mounds 
and  erected  the  earthworks  that  are  still  to  be  found  in  many 
places  in  Tennessee  and  adjoining  States.  It  is  largely  to  these 


The  Thruston  Collection.  249 

two  peculiarities  of  these  people  that  we  owe  the  possibility  of 
gathering  such  a  collection  as  this,  since  much  the  larger  part  of 
it  was  obtained  by  exploring  these  stone-box  graves  and  mounds. 
It  seems  that  the  art  and  culture  of  these  ancient  mound  builders 
reached  a  higher  state  in  Tennessee  than  elsewhere,  and  that 
the  center  of  this  struggle  upward  toward  enlightenment  was  in 
the  region  about  Nashville,  where  more  of  their  graves  and  other 
remains  have  been  found  than  anywhere  else.  General  Thruston 
has  for  years  been  an  enthusiastic  collector  of  the  pottery,  chipped 
stone,  and  other  remains  of  these  ancient  Tennesseeans,  and  the 
splendid  results  of  his  work  are  contained  in  the  collection  he 
has  so  generously  donated  to  the  University. 

Collections  like  this,  made  in  a  region  of  exceptional  archae- 
ological interest  and  richness,  from  sources  that  are  already 
fully  limited  and  determined,  and  which  when  once  exhausted 
permit  of  no  further  renewal  or  increase,  possess  a  unique  im- 
portance and  value.  Not  only  is  the  formation  of  such  a  collec- 
tion as  this  a  matter  of  years  of  patient,  persistent  work  and  of 
large  expenditure  of  both  time  and  money  in  doing  the  great 
amount  of  excavation  necessary,  but  when  once  made  every 
addition  adds  proportionately  more  and  more  to  its  value  and 
makes  it  more  and  more  impossible  to  duplicate  it.  So  many  of 
the  known  graves  and  mounds  have  been  opened  in  building  this 
collection  that  it  is  exceedingly  doubtful -whether  any  amount  of 
money  and  time  would  now  suffice  to  bring  together  another 
collection  of  similar  extent  and  value. 

In  the  formation  of  such  a  collection  General  Thruston  has 
placed  all  students  of  Indian  archaeology,  whether  present  or  fu- 
ture, under  a  deep  and  lasting  debt  of  gratitude  to  him,  and  has 
further  increased  that  debt  by  giving  the  collection  into  the  keep- 
ing of  Vanderbilt  University,  where  it  is  housed  in  a  special 
room  known  as  the  Thruston  Room,  on  the  main  floor  of  Col- 
lege Hall,  a  modern,  fireproof  building,  where  it  is  safeguarded 
from  destruction  by  fire  and  is  accessible  at  all  times  for  inspec- 
tion or  study. 

General  Thruston  is  by  far  our  best  authority  on  the  remains, 
manners,  and  customs  of  these  ancient  inhabitants  of  Tennessee, 
and  has  given  to  the  world  the  results  of  his  studies  in  his  work 


250  Vanderbilt  University  Quarterly. 

on  the  "Antiquities  of  Tennessee,"  a  volume  of  some  380  pages, 
now  in  its  second  edition,  which  contains  many  plates  and  figures 
illustrating  the  objects  in  this  collection.  This  volume  has  been 
very  freely  drawn  upon  by  the  writer  in  preparing  this  sketch, 
and  due  acknowledgment  is  here  made  of  this  fact. 

The  Thruston  Room  is  on  the  main  floor  of  College  Hall,  on 
the  right-hand  side  of  the  main  entrance.  The  door  of  the  room 
is  appropriately  lettered  "Thruston  Collection  of  Antiquities  and 
Minerals."  So  great  is  not  only  the  scientific  but  also  in  many 
cases  the  intrinsic  value  of  many  of  the  specimens  in  the  collec- 
tion— as,  for  instance,  some  of  the  diamonds  and  other  gems  or 
some  of  the  nuggets  of  gold — that  it  is  not  deemed  wise  to  keep 
the  door  unlocked  and  thus  throw  the  room  open  to  the  public  at 
all  times  as  freely  as  are  the  other  museum  rooms.  A  key  may 
be  had,  however,  at  any  time  by  applying  at  the  Secretary's  of- 
fice; and  where  it  is  desired  by  archaeologists  to  make  a  special 
study  of  the  collection  access  may  be  freely  had  to  the  cases 
and  books  of  reference,  and  other  facilities  for  work  will  be  placed 
at  the  student's  service. 

This  article  is  designed  to  call  general  attention  to  the  collec- 
tion and  to  give  some  idea  of  the  great  wealth  and  variety  of 
objects  comprised  in  it,  without  pretending  in  any  way  to  give 
an  exhaustive  description  of  it. 

As  one  enters  the  room  the  first  impression  is  of  the  wealth  and 
variety  of  the  specimens,  and  as  one  studies  in  detail  the  contents 
of  the  various  cases  this  impression  is  only  deepened,  until  the 
conviction  comes  that  these  vessels  and  implements  were  the 
product  not  of  the  ordinary  savage  or  wild  Indian  such  as  were 
most  of  the  tribes  found  by  the  whites  when  America  was  dis- 
covered, but  were  the  product  of  a  people  farther  advanced  in 
the  arts  of  civilization  and  possessed  of  no  mean  skill  in  crafts- 
manship and  no  little  appreciation  of  artistic  beauty.  One  would 
not,  however,  conclude  that  these  vanished  people  were  different 
in  kind  from  the  modern  Indian,  but  rather  that,  while  they  were 
of  the  same  race,  they  were  more  advanced  in  the  arts  of  peace, 
and  that  when  compared  with  them  the  modern  Indians,  at  least 
in  this  general  region,  would  seem  to  have  retrograded,  probably 
through  the  influence  of  intertribal  wars. 


The  Thruston  Collection.  251 

In  the  front  case  are  displayed  many  fine  examples  of  the  ab- 
original clay- workers'  art.  Many  of  the  objects  show  quaint  con- 
ceits and  fanciful  ideas  that  invest  both  the  ware  and  its  makers 
with  a  special  interest.  There  are,  for  instance,  many  animal 
bowls  of  striking  design.  Some  of  these  represent  the  human 
form.  In  this  case  the  head  rises  above  one  edge  of  the  bowl 
and  is  turned  so  as  to  look  across  the  circle  of  the  bowl,  along 
either  side  of  which  the  arms  extend,  while  the  legs  and  feet 
may  project  from  the  opposite  side.  Other  bowls  represent  the 
duck,  the  wild  turkey,  the  turtle,  the  fish,  or  some  quadruped, 
such  as,  possibly,  the  bear  or  beaver  or  opossum.  Many  are  so 
skillfully  modeled  that  there  is  no  difficulty  in  determining  what 
animal  is  intended  to  be  represented.  Some  oval  bowls  have  the 
head  of  a  fish  on  one  end,  the  dorsal  and  ventral  fins  on  the  sides, 
and  the  tail  fin  at  the  other  end,  all  so  modeled  that  there  is  no 
doubt  the  perch  was  the  fish  in  the  mind  of  the  modeler.  On 
some  of  these  animal  bowls  projecting  heads  are  deftly  contrived 
to  serve  as  handles.  On  some  the  handle  represents  a  dog  gnaw- 
ing a  bone,  or  perhaps  a  beaver  swimming  with  a  stick  in  his 
mouth  and  front  paws.  On  some  the  heads  are  perhaps  fanciful, 
and  may  be  intended  to  represent  dragons,  fetishes,  or  other 
creatures  of  the  imagination. 

The  mussel  shell  was  everywhere  a  familiar  and  useful  object 
to  the  aborigines,  and  so  it  is  only  natural  to  find  many  of  their 
terra  cotta  bowls  modeled  to  represent  either  a  single  valve  of 
such  a  shell  or  made  double  to  represent  two  valves  still  united 
by  their  hinge  ligament,  but  flaring  widely  open  as  the  shells 
themselves  may  often  be  seen  in  the  sand  and  gravel  by  a  stream's 
edge.  The  exteriors  of  these  bowls  are  usually  plain  and  smooth, 
though  at  times  they  show  painted  ornamentation  or  are  deco- 
rated with  impressed  lines  either  in  scroll,  zigzag,  or  other 
geometrical  design.  Although  these  animal  bowls  possess  a  cer- 
tain rudeness  of  finish,  yet  they  also  have  a  certain  grace  of  out- 
line and  a  decided  quaintness  of  conception  that  give  them  a  pe- 
culiar interest. 

There  are  many  other  bowls  of  more  conventional  design,  most 
of  which  are  broad  and  shallow  and  with  margins  that  may 
either  be  polygonal,  scalloped,  or  entirely  circular  in  outline. 


256  Vanderbilt  University  Quarterly. 

These  margins  may  be  smooth  and  simple  or  they  may  be  beaded 
or  lobed  in  various  ways.  The  outlines  of  these  bowls  were  easier 
to  mold  than  the  animal  bowls  were,  and  their  forms  show  more 
grace  and  beauty,  though  there  is  no  evidence  of  the  use  of  the 
potter's  wheel. 

There  are  numerous  clay  vessels  of  circular  outline,  with  their 
rims  drawn  in  somewhat,  giving  them  the  form  of  a  pot.  They 
usually  have  flattened  clay  handles  somewhat  like  the  handles 
of  a  modern  jug.  Others  are  pierced  around  the  margin,  and 
were  suspended  by  thongs  of  hide  or  strips  of  bark. 

The  front  case  also  contains  a  large  number  of  vases  of  varied 
design,  many  of  which  are  of  graceful  outline  and  show  an  ap- 
preciation of  artistic  form  that  is  as  pleasing  as  it  is  unexpected. 
The  body  of  the  vase  is  in  most  cases  smoothly  rounded  and 
more  or  less  globular  in  shape,  though  in  some  of  the  finest 
pieces  it  is  beautifully  lobed  after  the  manner  of  various  seed 
pods,  some  of  which  may  have  suggested  the  idea.  The  necks 
of  the  vases  may  be  long  and  slender  or  short  and  large.  In 
most  the  body  of  the  vase  is  simply  flattened  to  form  a  base, 
though  in  some  it  rests  on  rounded,  tripod-like  legs.  The  vases 
range  in  size  from  mere  toys  that  would  hold  only  a  few  thimble- 
fuls  to  those  that  hold  several  quarts. 

Closely  akin  to  the  vases  in  general  design  and  doubtless  also 
in  use  are  the  bottle-shaped  vessels  with  necks  surmounted  by  fan- 
ciful animal  or  human  heads,  in  the  backs  of  which  are  the  open- 
ings into  the  vessels.  The  body  of  these  bottles — for  such  they 
would  seem  to  be — is  often  modeled  after  the  human  torso,  and 
is  frequently  made  humpbacked  and  grotesque.  Occasionally  it  is 
modeled  after  a  bird  or  other  animal.  One  piece,  for  instance,  is 
a  very  realistic  owl,  with  its  body  painted  to  represent  feathers, 
while  other  familiar  types  are  the  bear  and  the  fox  or  wolf. 

Many  of  the  figurines  are  hollow  and  served  some  useful  pur- 
pose, and  General  Thruston  has  suggested  that  they  possibly 
may  have  contained  some  kind  of  prehistoric  "Worcestershire 
sauce"  or  aboriginal  vinegar  or  other  luxury  of  the  ancient  cui- 
sine. A  few  are  apparently  of  solid  terra  cotta,  and  could  only 
have  been  of  ceremonial  or  religious  significance,  and  were  prob- 
ably used  as  idols ;  for  early  explorers  and  travelers  describe  the 


The  Thrust  on  Collection. 


257 


modern  Indians  of  the  Southern  part  of  the  United  States  as 
having  such  objects  in  their  council  houses  or  sacred  edifices. 
The  smallest  ones  are  only  an  inch  or  two  in  height,  and  may 
have  been  worn  as  an  amulet  or  charm,  especially  as  some  of 
them  are  pierced  with  holes  as  if  for  suspension.  The  largest  is 
a  foot  in  height  and  is  carved  of  yellow  sandstone. 


FIG.   I.      CLAY  FIGURE  OF  CHILD  STRAPPED  TO  ITS  CRADLE  BOARD. 

One  of  the  most  interesting  and  highly  treasured  objects  in  the 
entire  collection  is  a  unique  terra-cotta  image  of  a  child,  or  pa- 
poose, bound  to  its  cradle  board.  It  was  found  in  a  child's  grave 
by  Mr.  George  T.  Halley,  of  Nashville,  and  obtained  from  him 
by  General  Thruston.  It  shows  that  this  ancient  race  carried 
their  infants  strapped  to  boards  just  like  the  modern  Indian 
did,  and  explains  why  in  almost  all  of  the  crania  found  in 
these  graves  the  occiput  is  flattened,  and  usually  flattened  more 
on  one  side  than  on  the  other,  since  the  papoose  doubtless  soon 
formed  the  habit  of  holding  its  head  more  to  one  side  than  the 
other.  In  the  same  grave,  indeed,  with  the  child  and  its  cradle- 
board  image  or  toy,  was  found  an  adult  cranium  that  shows 


a 

\ 

- 


260  Vanderbilt  University  Quarterly. 

marked  unsymmetrical  occipital  flattening.  It  is  the  skull,  in  all 
probability,  of  the  mother  or  father  of  the  child,  interred  along 
with  it,  doubtless  as  a  companion  and  guide  on  the  journey  to  the 
"happy  hunting  grounds."  This  adult  skull  is  in  the  George  T. 
Halley  collection  in  the  Thruston  Room. 

The  modeling  of  the  faces  on  these  terra-cotta  images  and 
vessels  furnishes  interesting  material  for  study  and  speculation. 
While  they  are  not  faithful  reproductions  of  any  one  individual 
face,  yet  they  must  be  the  expression  of  the  lineaments  of  some 
real  or  ideal  face  in  the  minds  of  the  ancient  artisans  who  mod- 
eled them.  The  remarkable  fact,  as  General  Thruston  has  point- 
ed out,  is  that  the  faces  represent  no  one  type,  but  show  as 
great  a  variety  of  feature  and  expression  as  one  would  see  on 
the  streets  of  a  modern  city.  The  headdresses  and  caps  are  also 
w.orthy  of  study. 

Besides  the  forms  carved  from  sandstone,  there  are  a  few 
small  heads  cut  from  crystals  of  beautiful  purple-colored  fluor- 
spar such  as  may  be  found  up  the  Cumberland  River  near 
Carthage. 

A  final  group  of  objects  in  the  first  case  consists  of  children's 
rattles  and  toys,  such  as  miniature  bottles,  vases,  and  other  ves- 
sels found  in  children's  graves  and  placed  there  by  some  heart- 
broken mothers,  to  be  used  again  by  their  little  ones  during  and 
after  their  long  journey. 

The  variety  of  objects  in  the  second  case  from  the  front  of 
the  room  is  even  greater  than  in  the  first,  and  because  of  their 
more  varied  material  and  use  give  us  even  a  better  insight  into 
the  life  and  customs  of  their  ancient  owners.  While  many  of 
the  pieces  in  this  case  are  utilitarian,  very  many  are  ceremonial 
or  ornamental,  or  relate  to  their  sports  or  personal  habits,  espe- 
cially the  widely  prevalent  one  of  smoking. 

There  is  a  considerable  group  of  shell  spoons,  both  large  and 
small,  cunningly  carved  from  the  shell  of  the  fresh-water  mus- 
sel. It  is  somewhat  remarkable  that  every  one  is  cut  from  the 
left  valve  of  the  mussel  and  is  so  shaped  that  it  had  to  be  held 
in  the  right  hand  when  in  use;  so  that  it  would  seem  that  our 
ancient  Tennesseeans  must  have  all  been  right-handed.  These 
spoons  vary  in  size  from  three  or  four  inches  in  length  down  to 


The  Thruston  Collection.  261 

ones  only  about  an  inch  long,  the  smaller  ones  evidently  being 
used  by  children,  as  they  are  found  in  children's  graves.  Some- 
times the  spoon  was  found  among  the  bones  of  the  hand,  at 
other  times  it  is  in  an  earthenware  bowl,  which  was  most  probably 
rilled  with  food  for  the  deceased,  although  all  traces  of  this 
food  have  long  since  disappeared. 

Although  among  civilized  peoples  the  fork  is  a  modern  in- 
vention only  a  few  hundred  years  old,  and  not  used  even  yet 
by  some  nations,  it  is  possible  that  these  Tennessee  mound 
builders  ages  ago  were  evolving  the  idea  of  such  an  implement, 
for  one  flattened  piece  of  shell  is  slit  into  a  four-tined,  forklike 
implement.  When  it  is  remembered  that  our  four-pronged  fork 
is  an  invention  of  very  recent  years,  it  will  be  seen  that  these 
ancient  Tennesseeans  were  not  so  backward,  after  all,  in  at  least 
one  of  the  refinements  of  civilization. 

The  large  conch  shell  was  used  for  cups,  and  a  number  of 
excellent  examples  of  them  are  shown,  some  of  which  hold  a 
pint  or  more.  One  side  was  cut  away  and  the  central  axis  re- 
moved, making  a  very  serviceable  vessel.  Its  shape  suggested  a 
form  in  which  pottery  was  sometimes  modeled,  and  the  collec- 
tion contains  several  clay  bowls  modeled  after  a  conch  design; 
and  in  the  same  way  they  reproduced  the  shell  spoons  in  pottery, 
and  molded  it  almost  as  thin  as  the  shell  itself. 

Knives  are  represented  by  many  specimens,  sometimes  of 
chipped  flint,  but  more  often  of  smoothed  stone,  some  of  which 
were  probably  held  in  the  hand,  while  others,  especially  the  small- 
er ones,  were  deftly  inserted  into  hollow  bones  or  pieces  of  deer's 
horn  as  handles,  as  may  be  seen  by  several  specimens  still  so 
mounted.  These  knives  were  probably  mostly  used  to  skin  and 
cut  up  the  game  killed  by  their  .hunters,  though  with  the  sharper 
ones  they  doubtless .  scarified  their  own  faces  and  bodies  and 
used  them  for  a  variety  of  other  purposes  where  a  sharp  cutting 
tool  would  be  desired. 

There  are  numerous  strings  of  shell  beads,  some  of  which  are 
of  flattened,  discoidal  shape,  with  holes  drilled  through  their  cen- 
ters, while  others  are  rounded  or  elongated,  beadlike  in  form. 
They  were  sometimes  found  encircling  the  neck  or  the  wrist,  or 
large  numbers  were  found  about  the  waist,  and  doubtless  were 


262  Vanderbilt  University  Quarterly. 

used  as  necklaces,  bracelets,  or  belts,  as  well  as  serving  as  money. 
Holes  were  also  drilled  through  the  long,  sharp  teeth  of  the  fox. 
wolf,  or  bear,  and  they  were  also  used  as  necklaces  or  ornaments. 
Furthermore,  beads  were  made  of  clay  in  imitation  of  the  forms 
in  shell,  as  may  be  seen  from  the  examples  shown,  and  still  larger 
rounded  ornaments,  pierced  with  holes  and  so  designed  to  be 
worn  on  a  string,  were  made  of  stone;  while  others  yet  were 
made  of  the  hollow  bones,  probably  of  birds,  cut  into  cylinders 
each  an  inch  or  more  in  length,  so  that  it  will  be  seen  that  they 
skillfully  adapted  quite  a  variety  of  materials  to  the  same  gen- 
eral purpose. 

Closely  akin  to  the  beads  were  the  flattened  pieces  of  shells, 
generally  cut  circular,  some  three  or  four  inches  in  diameter,  and 
usually  elaborately  engraved  and  pierced  near  one  edge  with  a 
couple  of  small  holes  for  suspension  as  a  ceremonial  breastplate 
or  gorget.  These  were  doubtless  worn  by  the  priests  or  medi- 
cine men.  The  collection  also  contains  other  gorgets  or  pen- 
dants made  of  stone  or  of  copper.  Most  of  the  stone  ones  are 
rounded  and  flattened,  though  one  pendant  is  a  well-carved  tur- 
tle; while  another  is  a  turtle  of  roughly-chipped  chert,  but  with 
much  strength  and  realism  in  the  representation.  The  engraved 
gorgets  are  ornamented  with  circles,  whorls,  crosses,  serpents, 
suns,  coiled  serpents,  or  even  human  forms,  and  exhibit  consider- 
able skill  in  carving.  The  symbols  represented  certain  significant 
features,  no  doubt,  of  their  religious  or  social  customs.  Some, 
for  instance,  may  have  pertained  to  sun  worship  or  serpent  wor- 
ship, or  may  have  merely  been  tribal  insignia. 

There  are  also  numerous  bone  needles  used  in  sewing  skins 
for  clothing,  in  weaving,  making  nets,  and  in  other  industries, 
and  a  very  odd-looking  set  of  four  flat  spatula-like  forms  with 
long,  slender  handles,  each  carved  from  a  .single  piece  of  bone, 
and  looking  very  much  as  if  they  might  have  been  used,  as 
General  Thruston  suggests,  in  some  ancient  apothecary  or  medi- 
cine man's  shop  for  mixing  his  nostrums.  They  were  found  to- 
gether in  one  grave  near  Nashville,  in  the  hand  of  an  adult  who 
had  doubtless  used  them  during  life  and  was  thought  probably 
would  need  them  in  the  next  world,  though  whether  they  re- 
garded medicine-giving  as  necessary  in  that  existence  is  uncer- 


264 


Vanderbilt  University  Quarterly. 


FIG.   2.      MYER  SHELL  GORGET,  SUMNER  COUNTY,  TENN. 
(Natural  size.) 

tain.  Or  it  may  be  that  they  were  not  medicine  mixers,  after  all. 
Who  knows?  Many  a  riddle  is  wrapped  up  in  the  silent  speci- 
mens that  fill  these  cases. 

Of  ceremonial  use  also  were  the  fine,  large  chipped-flint  maces 
and  curved,  hooklike  forms.  Some  of  these  are  over  a  foot 
in  length  and  show  great  skill  in  chipping  to  produce  the  sym- 
metrical outlines  they  possess.  Their  use  as  ceremonial  imple- 
ments is  shown  by  finding  an  engraved  shell  gorget  near  where 
one  of  these  flints  was  found,  with  a  human  figure  holding  such 
a  scepter-like  flint  in  one  hand  and  a  mask  or  human  head  in  the 
other.  One  of  the  Thruston  flints  looks  as  if  it  were  the  one 
depicted  in  the  engraving,  a  copy  of  which  is  contained  in  the 


266  Vanderbilt  University  Quarterly. 

case  with  the  flint.  The  hook-shaped  flints  were  probably  used 
as  a  crest  or  part  of  the  ceremonial  headgear  worn  when  the 
medicine  men  were  in  full  regalia,  as  is  also  indicated  by  the 
engraved  gorgets. 

Other  ceremonial  pieces  in  this  case  include  some  spadelike 
implements  of  smooth  stone  eight  to  twelve  inches  long.  Each 
consists  of  a  long,  rounded  handle  about  an  inch  in  diame- 
ter, terminating  in  a  flattened  semicircular  expansion  some  three 
inches  across,  and  rubbed  down  to  a  thin  edge  on  its  curved  bor- 
der. There  are  also  some  leaf-shaped,  butterfly-shaped,  or  rec- 
tangular flattened  stones  some  three  or  four  inches  in  maximum 
length  and  each  pierced  with  a  hole  about  half  an  inch  in  diame- 
ter. One  of  these  is  a  beautifully  polished  piece  of  hard  crys- 
talline rock  with  the  hole  so  perfectly  straight  and  uniform  in 
diameter  as  to  excite  our  admiration  for  the  people  who  could 
ever  have  drilled  so  perfect  a  hole  in  such  hard  rock  with  the 
crude  implements  at  their  command.  They  are  too  fragile  to 
have  been  used  in  any  rough,  mechanical  way,  but  must  have  been 
ornaments  or  symbols  for  ceremonial  use. 

Another  odd  ceremonial  stone  is  a  slightly  curved  crescent 
some  twelve  inches  long  and  an  inch  or  slightly  more  in  cross 
section  at  the  middle  and  tapering  to  a  point  at  the  ends.  It 
reminds  one  strongly  of  a  miner's  pick,  but  could  not  have  been 
used  for  any  practical  purpose.  Still  other  ceremonials  are  flat- 
tened or  plano-convex  stones  of  various  shapes,  generally  pierced 
with  small  holes  that  they  might  be  worn  in  some  way. 

This  second  case  also  contains  a  number  of  objects  of  native 
copper,  one  of  which,  some  six  by  eight  inches  in  size  and  shaped 
like  a  letter  H  with  curved,  upright  strokes,  was  probably  used 
as  a  breastplate.  There  are  copper  rings  for  the  ears,  thin 
sheets  of  copper,  a  copper  awl  or  spindle,  and  rings  and  wheels 
of  stone  or  wood  sheathed  in  thin  copper.  This  copper  seems  to 
have  been  beaten  out  from  the  native  metal,  and  is  probably  from 
the  Lake  Superior  region,  though  some  might  have  been  gotten 
from  the  Ducktown  section  of  our  own  State,  where  native  cop- 
per was  formerly  found  in  small  quantities  and  where  there  have 
been  found  remains  of  what  were  aboriginal  furnaces,  used  prob- 


268  Vanderbilt  University  Quarterly. 

ably  to  melt  together  the  small  pieces  of  native  copper  rather 
than  to  smelt  it  from  its  ores. 

There  are  a  number  of  conical  pieces  of  hematite,  each  well 
rounded  and  smoothed  and  each  no  doubt  used  as  the  source  of 
the  red  paint  with  which  they  decorated  their  warriors'  faces  when 
at  war,  and  their  vases  and  other  pottery  when  at  peace.  A  small 
bottle  contains  a  quantity  of  ground  paint  that  could  quickly  be 
made  ready  for  use  by  mixing  with  a  little  bear's  grease  or  other 
fat  or  oil. 

The  collection  of  pipes  in  this  case  is  very  large  and  of  such 
varied  shapes  that  it  is  impossible  to  mention  more  than  a  few 
here.  They  range  up  to  twelve  inches  or  more  in  length  and 
several  pounds  in  weight,  while  the  bowls  of  the  larger  ones 
would  hold  enough  tobacco  to  give  the  largest  council  gathering 
or  peace  party  an  ample  smoke.  Most  of  them  are  carved  of 
steatite  or  other  stone,  though  some  are  of  molded  clay.  A  few 
are  of  simple  rectangular  or  rounded  L-shaped  outline,  but  most 
are  carved  into  either  faithful  or  fanciful  designs  of  living  things. 


FIG.   3.      STEATITE  PIPE,  ETOWAH    MOUND,   GEORGIA. 
(Three-fourths  size.) 


The  Thrust  on  Collection.  269 

Some  represent  the  human  head,  others  the  human  body.  Others 
represent  ducks,  whippoorwills,  alligators,  or  some  lionlike  or 
other  strange  beast.  When  one  considers  the  high  esteem  in 
which  the  Indians  held  tobacco  and  the  important  role  smoking 
played  in  their  daily  life,  in  their  councils,  and  in  their  treaties, 
it  is  not  surprising  to  see  such  a  variety  of  pipes  or  so  much  lov- 
ing labor  expended  in  their  making  and  decoration. 

In  the  same  case  there  is  a  great  variety  of  discoidal  stones, 
varying  in  diameter  from  an  inch  or  less  to  six  or  eight  inches. 
Many  of  the  smaller  ones  are  pierced  through  the  center  and 
were  probably  used  for  spinning  whorls;  others  have  smoothed 
sides  and  are  not  pierced,  while  some  of  the  smaller  and  all  of 
the  larger  have  been  hollowed  out  on  either  side  until  they  are 
deeply  biconcave.  The  largest  ones  are  of  vein  quartz  or  other 
very  hard  material,  and  yet  they  have  been  cut  into  beautifully 
symmetrical  forms.  Cutting  and  polishing  such  material  must 
have  been  exceedingly  slow  and  laborious,  and  required  no  little 
skill  and  patience.  The  concave  side  may  have  been  used  to 
grind  paint. in,  but  it  is  probable  that  the  main  use  of  these  dis- 
coids  was  for  playing  a  game  the  modern  Indian  was  very  fond 
of  and  which  he  used  for  gambling. 

With  these  are  a  number  of  implements  whose  use  is  not  per- 
fectly evident  and  whose  shapes  are  so  varied  as  to  preclude  their 
description  here.  They  give  room  for  speculation  and  study  as 
to  their  use. 

Some  drilled  or  smooth  stones  may  have  been  used  for  sinkers 
for  the  nets  used  in  fishing.  There  are  chipped  flints  to  be  used 
for  scrapers  in  preparing  hides.  There  is  a  tray  of  terra-cotta 
marbles  probably  used  by  the  smaller  boys,  and  diminutive  flint 
arrowheads  with  which  they  were  taught  to  use  the  bow. 

Another  implement  of  circular  outline  some  six  or  eight  inches 
in  diameter,  with  a  flat  face  and  a  handle  somewhat  like  that  of 
a  smoothing  iron,  is  thought  to  have  been  used  as  a  plasterer's 
trowel.  The  inside  of  their  huts,  and  especially  of  their  sweat- 
houses  for  the  treatment  of  the  sick,  were  probably  plastered  with 
clay.  Some  of  the  smaller  trowels  may  have  been  used  for  work- 
ing the  clay  and  fashioning  their  earthenware  vessels.  From  one 
stone  box  grave  General  Thruston  obtained  five  of  these  trowels 


270  Vanderbilt  University  Quarterly. 

of  varying  size  and  shape.  They  must  have  been  the  outfit  of 
an  old  plasterer  who  designed  to  take  these  implements  of  his 
trade  with  him. 

The  third  case  is  largely  devoted  to  chipped-stone  implements. 
Flint  arrowheads  are  represented  in  great  variety  of  size  and 
shape,  a  number  of  cards  being  mounted  with  specimens  to  show 
typical  examples  of  their  different  kinds.  There  are  many  flint 
spearheads  of  the  same  type  as  those  used  by  the  modern  Indians. 
.  A  type  of  implement  that  was  unusual  is  the  long,  broad,  flat, 
sharp-pointed  stone  hoe,  an  implement  supposed  to  be  fastened  to 
a  stick  or  handle  and  used  for  cultivating  maize.  There  are  a 
number  of  excellent  examples  of  these  hoes.  They  exhibit  con- 
siderable variety  in  shape,  and  some  are  of  unusually  large  size, 
being  twelve  to  fourteen  inches  in  length  and  six  or  eight  inches 
wide.  Some  of  these  are  new,  while  others  are  smooth  at  the 
point  or  blade  and  show  considerable  use. 

Other  chipped-stone  implements  are  shaped  like  chisels,  with 
the  blade  square  cornered  and  chipped  to  a  sharp,  cutting  edge. 
These  chisels  are  numerous  in  the  stone  graves,  and  generally 
show  that  they  have  been  much  used.  Some  fine  examples  of 
them  are  exhibited. 

Another  form  shaped  much  like  the  chisel,  but  usually  with  a 
sharp,  carefully  ground  edge,  was  used  as  a  knife,  and  numerous 
specimens  are  shown,  some  still  mounted  in  deer  horns  for  han- 
dles. Others  most  probably  when  interred  with  their  owner's  re- 
mains were  inserted  in  wooden  handles  which  have  since  dis- 
appeared by  decay. 

The  stone  axes  are  of  two  classes.  One  is  long  and  thin  with 
flat  sides,  and  is  made  of  chipped  flint.  The  other  is  larger  and 
thicker,  and  has  a  groove  with  which  to  fasten  it  in  its  handle. 
These  latter  are  of  smoothed  stone  of  almost  any  hard  crystal- 
line variety.  The  material  for  most  of  them  must  have  been 
brought  either  from  the  Southern  Appalachian  Mountains  or 
from  the  glacial  region  of  the  North.  In  either  case,  either  the 
crude  stone  or  the  finished  ax  must  have  been  an  article  of  com- 
merce like  so  many  other  articles  found  in  the  graves,  the  ma- 
terial of  which  could  not  have  been  of  local  origin.  These  peo- 
ple must  have  also  traded  with  the  Carolina  mountain  people  for 


461453 


272  Vanderbilt  University  Quarterly. 

soapstone  and  mica  at  least,  with  Lake  Superior  for  copper,  and 
with  the  Atlantic  or  Gulf  Coast  for  conch  and  other  seashells. 

Another  implement  of  smoothed  stone  that  must  have  been  of 
great  usefulness  was  the  stone  pestle  with  which  the  raw  or 
parched  corn  was  beaten  or  ground  up.  These  are  some  six  or 
eight  inches  long,  with  a  handle  not  unlike  a  modern  pestle,  and 
an  enlarged  and  flattened  end  for  grinding.  They  are  also  gen- 
erally of  some  hard  variety  of  rock,  and  are  not  uncommon.  The 
collection  contains  a  good  number  of  typical  examples  of  them. 

In  North  Nashville  there  is  a  fissure  or  fault  in  the  limestone 
up  through  which  ?alt  water  has  escaped  to  the  surface  for  ages 
past,  forming  a  salt  lick  or  spring.  The  wild  animals  of  this 
region  had  long  known  of  the  lick  and  resorted  there  in  great 
numbers  to  drink  the  salt  waters  or  lick  the  salty  earth.  The 
Indians  resorted  there  also,  perhaps  at  first  to  kill  the  buffalo, 
bear,  or  deer  as  they  crowded  around  the  lick.  They  doubtless 
soon  found  the  salt  pleasant  to  their  palates  also,  and  in  some 
way  found  that  crystals  of  salt  might  be  gotten  by  evaporating 
the  water.  Immense  earthenware  salt  pans  were  made,  and  in 
these  the  water  was  boiled  and  the  salt  obtained.  Near  this 
French  Salt  Lick  Spring,  situated  near  the  present  baseball  park, 
General  Thruston  obtained  a  number  of  large  pieces  of  these 
broken  salt  pans.  They  must  have  been  a  yard  or  more  in  di- 
ameter and  something  like  a  foot  deep.  The  broken  pieces  are 
about  an  inch  thick,  and  the  ornamentation  on  the  exterior  shows 
that  they  were  molded  on  the  inside  of  a  large,  flat  basket  or  ham- 
per-shaped form  made  of  fine  matting  or  other  woven  fabric,  the 
impression  of  whose  surface  has  been  faithfully  preserved  in 
the  baked  clay  fragments  in  the  collection.  Pieces  of  these  large 
pans,  or  boilers,  are  also  found  at  other  places  besides  the  salt 
springs,  and  were  doubtless  used  to  boil  the  sap  of  the  sugar 
maple,  or  perhaps  at  times  prepare  large  quantities  of  meat  or 
other  food  to  be  divided  out  later  in  small  vessels  for  individual 
or  family  use. 

In  the  same  case  are  some  modern  Indian  children's  rattles 
made  of  the  carapace  of  the  box  tortoise.  These  remind  one  of 
the  small  earthenware  rattle  found  in  a  child's  grave  in  the  stone- 
box  cemetery  and  contained  in  the  front  case. 


The  Thrust  on  Collection.  273 

Some  Mexican  figureheads,  both  human  and  others,  are  in- 
cluded for  comparison  with  our  Tennessee  specimens.  Many  of 
them  are  strikingly  similar  to  our  local  types;  and,  indeed, 
throughout  the  collection  many  of  the  objects  remind  one  strong- 
ly of  Pueblo  or  Mexican  types,  a  fact  that  General  Thruston  has 
brought  out  clearly  in  his  book  on  the  subject. 

In  the  tall  case  against  the  south  wall  of  the  room  are  three 
elaborately  carved  examples  of  Mexican  idols  standing  from 
ten  to  sixteen  inches  high,  one  of  which  has  a  striking  resem- 
blance to  the  figures  carved  on  ancient  Egyptian  monuments. 

On  the  shelf  above  them  is  a  small  but  very  interesting  collec- 
tion of  Pompeiian  relics.  There  are  pieces  of  tessellated  flooring; 
glass  from  a  window  of  one  of  the  baths;  polished  marbles  used 
for  interior  decoration ;  plastering,  with  its  decorative  coloring 
scarce  dimmed  by  its  centuries  of  burial ;  small,  fragile  glass  bot- 
tles; lamps;  and  vases  of  earthenware,  copper,  or  bronze;  small 
bronze  figurines — the  Lares  and  Penates  of  some  ancient  Roman 
household — and  urns  and  cups  and  swinging  censers;  and  with 
them  all  a  mass  of  the  now  hardened  ashes  that  on  the  24th  day 
of  August,  69  B.C.,  swept  down  from  Vesuvius  and  entombed 
the  fated  city.  In  this  mass  of  hardened  ashes  there  are  leaf 
impressions,  perhaps  of  the  olive  tree,  with  their  delicate  vein- 
ing  still  preserved  just  as  the  ashes  enwrapped  and  preserved 
so  much  else  that  is  of  intense  interest. 

Near  by  lies  an  ancient  Babylon  clay  tablet  covered  with  cunei- 
form writing  and  a  cylinder  seal  used  by  some  Chaldean  to  at- 
test or  affix  his  signature  back  some  three,  four,  or  five  thousand 
years  ago;  for  who  knows  just  how  old  it  is? 

From  what  has  been  said  concerning  the  archaeological  collec- 
tion it  should  be  evident  that  it  is  one  of  unusual  variety  and 
value.  It  might  be  added  that  in  his  "Guide  to  the  United  States," 
Baedeker,  who  rarely  wastes  words  of  praise  on  anything  in  this 
country,  calls  attention  to  this  Thruston  collection  as  including 
"rare  and  excellent  examples  of  prehistoric  American  pottery, 
many  of  them  found  near  Nashville." 

Although  the  unique  importance  and  value  of  the  Thruston 
collection  consists  in  its  archaeological  specimens,  yet  the  collec- 


274  Vanderbilt  University  Quarterly. 

tion  of  fossils,  gems,  natural  crystals,  and  other  attractive  min- 
erals is  also  a  noteworthy  one. 

Among  the  gems  there  are  specimens  of  the  diamond  as  dug 
from  the  South  African  mines,  and  crystals  of  ruby,  sapphire, 
topaz,  emerald,  beryl,  hiddenite,  amethyst,  opal,  tourmaline,  gar- 
net, turquoise,  jade,  jet,  and  other  polished  specimens  of  semi- 
precious or  other  minerals  highly  prized  for  their  beauty,  such 
as  moss  agates,  agates,  sards,  onyx,  sardonyx,  malachite,  lapis 
lazuli,  moonstones,  cat's-eyes,  bloodstones,  and  jaspers. 

With  them  are  beautiful  crystals  of  many  kinds,  illustrating  in 
excellent  fashion  the  many  kinds  of  crystallization  found  in  na- 
ture. There  are  crystals  of  quartz  and  of  all  its  varieties  in  great 
profusion ;  a  beautiful  lot  of  calcites ;  fine  sulphur  crystals  from 
Sicily;  amber  from  the  Baltic,  some  of  it  with  beetles  inclosed 
with  all  their  brilliancy  of  coloring  preserved;  and  chiastolite  and 
fluorite,  pyrite  and  marcasite,  barite  and  celestite,  azurite  and 
malachite,  sphalerite  and  apatite,  and  others  too  numerous  to 
mention.  A  detailed  description  of  these  will  not  be  attempted, 
as  to  give  such  would  be  to  write  a  lengthy  article  on  mineralogy. 
The  specimens  are  many  in  number,  and  are  both  beautiful  to 
the  eye  of  the  casual  visitor  and  interesting  to  the  student  of 
crystal  forms  and  properties. 

With  the  minerals  are  numerous  specimens  of  coral,  both  com- 
mon and  precious,  and  a  good  number  of  the  shells  of  the  pearl 
oyster  and  mussel  and  some  of  the  baroques  obtained  from  them. 
With  these  are  agatized  wood,  fossilized  brachiopods,  trilobites, 
ammonites,  and  other  representatives  of  the  life  of  the  past. 

The  collection  will  amply  repay  either  visitor  or  student  for 
any  time  that  may  be  spent  in  its  study.  It  is  one  that  it  is  an 
honor  to  have  gathered  together  and  to  have  given,  and  an  honor 
to  have  received  and  to  own.  L.  C.  GLENN. 


UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA,  LOS  ANGELES 

THE  UNIVERSITY  LIBRARY 
This  book  is  DUE  on  the  last  date  stamped  below 

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